Pre-examen Introducción a la traducción I

Facultad de Lenguas - Universidad Nacional del Comahue
Introducción a la traducción I


Pre-examen para rendir como alumno libre en marzo de 2010
Fecha de entrega: 22/02/10, 10 h.


Parte teórica

Tema a desarrollar: “La traducción como proceso y como producto”
El trabajo debe incluir: concepción de la traducción a lo largo de la historia, definiciones de traducción según los distintos enfoques de la traducción, definición actual, rasgos esenciales.

 Escribir en Times New Roman 11, doble espacio.
 El trabajo deberá incluir. Introducción al tema, desarrollo, conclusión y bibliografía consultada
 Extensión mínima: 2 páginas.
 Extensión máxima: 4 páginas.
 Se evaluará: contenido, redacción, ortografía y presentación.

BIBLIOGRAFÍA RECOMENDADA
* Hurtado Albir, A. (2001) Traducción y Traductología. Introducción a la Traducción Ediciones Cátedra.
* Hervey, S., I. Higgins, L. Haywood (1995) Thinking Spanish Translation London: Routledge

* Material de cátedra

Parte práctica

Elija uno de los textos a continuación, traduzca e indique los procedimientos de traducción aplicados:

1) Have a H-apple-y Halloween
Celebrate the Harvest with Fall’s Favorite Fruit
October 22, 2009 Allison M. Parker, MS, RD

Vienna, VA—The air is cooler, the days are shorter and Jack O’Lanterns are afoot. Don’t be spooked—fall is here! Now is the time to pull out your sweaters and jackets and pack away your shorts. It’s also harvest season for apples! Whether you prefer cider, juice, fresh apples or applesauce, apples make a great addition to your fall and Halloween celebrations.
It’s the Perfect Season for Apples!
October is not just about trick-or-treating and welcoming in a new season. It is the peak of the U.S. apple harvest. There are plenty of ways to enjoy apples at any fall celebration you may be having. Try hot apple cider with a stick of cinnamon in it. Or how about fresh apple slices with peanut butter or caramel to dip? Sautéed apples or applesauce make a great accompaniment to pork chops or potato pancakes. For many, nothing beats biting into a juicy, crisp apple to hit the spot. With so many different varieties available in the stores now, fresh from the orchard – make a point to try a new one today.

Not a Trick: Apples are a Healthy Treat!
Not only do apples and apple products taste great but they are nutritious too. The perfect snack for you and your little ghosts and goblins, apples are an excellent source of fiber, are fat-free, and contain antioxidants like quercetin that may help boost immunity. One cup of 100% apple juice or cider counts as 1 cup of fruit toward the recommended 2-3 cups/day (depending on age, gender and activity level) of fruit suggested by United States Department of Agriculture at www.MyPyramid.gov.
Ancient Traditions
Halloween has its roots in ancient harvest traditions—making it the perfect time to enjoy freshly harvested apples. Over 2,000 years ago, as our ancient ancestors celebrated the fall harvest, they knew that the cold, dark winter was approaching. Believing that spirits roamed freely on this evening, they wore costumes and masks to help them avoid being recognized by the ―Otherworld.‖ In addition, sweets were offered to avoid being the target of tricks.

Healthy to the Core
The old saying “An apple a day keeps the doctor away” continues to hold true. Apples are packed with soluble fiber and have high water content—both of which help keep you fuller, longer and may help you maintain a healthy weight. In addition, fiber helps promote heart health, decrease your risk for developing cancer and aid in good digestion. Furthermore, apples are a significant source of boron in the diet; a mineral important for bone health.
Want more “a-peeling” apple health benefits? Recent apple research out of Cornell University suggests that apples (especially the peel) contain powerful, naturally-occurring substances called phytochemicals that help inhibit breast cancer formation1. Another recently published study from the University of Massachusetts at Lowell indicates that the regular consumption of apple juice helps keep our minds sharp and may even delay the onset of Alzheimer’s disease2.
So how will you get your “Apple-a-Day?” For more tips on finding a good apple, apple health, nutrition or recipe information, visit us at www.usapple.org.

**********************************************************************

2)
In Ontario, we grow a wide array of grapes for wine, juice, grape products (jams, jellies, preserves) and fresh market consumption. This diversity of production reflects the ability of Ontario growers to meet market demands and provide a wide selection of commercial cultivars (cultivated varieties) for use by all sectors. It is important to understand the history of grapes and the many species involved in Ontario grape production.
The world’s highest quality wine grapes belong to a species of grapes known as Vitis vinifera (commonly referred to as Vinifera), which are native to Europe. In Ontario, the majority of commercial wine grape species are viniferas, and include varieties like Chardonnay, Cabernet, Gamay, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Riesling, etc.
European hybrids (French, German and others), which include Baco Noir, Seyval Blanc and Vidal, are also native to Europe. Hybrids, which originate from two parent vines, arose from breeding programs that sought to avoid having to graft vinifera vines on phylloxera resistant rootstocks while keeping the flavour characteristics and quality of European varieties. While less popular than "pure" vinifera varieties, hybrids have their place in winemaking. Vidal, for example, is the main grape cultivar used for Icewine production in Ontario. Its thicker skin, tendency for fruit to remain on the cluster without falling off well into winter, cold hardiness and flavour profile make it an ideal grape for our famous dessert wine.
Native North American vines belong to the species known as Vitis labrusca, and include such varieties as Concord and Niagara. These typically produce the best juices, jams, jellies and preserves, and are not used in winemaking in Ontario.
In Ontario, additional species exist, including Vitis riparia (the Riverbank grape), and others which are used for rootstock selection and breeding (Vitis rupestris, Vitis berlandieri, Vitis aestivalis, Vitis champinii and other species).
Grape berry color is usually classified as green, pink/red, or blue. Grapes with green berries at maturity can range in color from light green to amber which includes Riesling, Chardonnay and Niagara. Pink/Red cultivars have berries that vary from pink to deep red, and their colouration may vary with their stage of ripeness and their exposure to sunlight. Examples of this are Gewürtztraminer, Pinot Gris and Vanessa seedless. The blue range includes types like Merlot, Cabernet Franc and New York Muscat, which have a reddish-blue color.

Pre-examen Introducción a la traducción II

Facultad de Lenguas - Universidad Nacional del Comahue
Introducción a la traducción II

Pre-examen para rendir como alumno libre en marzo de 2010
Fecha de entrega: 22/02/10 hora: 10.

Parte teórica

Escriba sobre el siguiente tema: “Enfoques funcionalistas de la traducción”
En el trabajo deberá incluir: definición/concepción de la traducción en el marco de estos enfoques, características, nociones centrales: función, skopos, destronamiento del TO, etc.

 Escribir en Times New Roman 11, doble espacio.
 El trabajo deberá incluir: introducción al tema, desarrollo, conclusión y bibliografía consultada
 Extensión mínima: 3 páginas.
 Extensión máxima: 4 páginas.
 Se evaluará: contenido, redacción, ortografía y presentación.


BIBLIOGRAFÍA RECOMENDADA
Hurtado Albir, A. (2001) Traducción y Traductología. Introducción a la Traducción Ediciones Cátedra. Capítulo 5
Nord, C. (1997) Translating as a Purposeful Activity. Functionalist Approaches Explained. , St. Jerome, Manchester, UK. Capítulos 1,2y 3.
Schäffner, Christina “Skopos Theory” en Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2001), Routledge, London/ New York.
Mason, Ian “Communicative/functional approaches” en Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2001), Routledge, London/ New York.
J. (2001) Introducing Translation Studies. London and New York. Routledge Applied Linguistics.
Material de cátedra.

Parte práctica

1) Analice el texto:
(a) Determine el nivel de especialización del texto. Justifique brevemente.
(b) Determine el tipo de texto y la función del lenguaje predominante.
(c) Determine el campo, subcampo y tema.

2) Identifique 10 ejemplos (en total) de unidades terminológicas simples y complejas (sintagmáticas).

3) Identifique al menos dos ejemplos de fraseología.

4) Identifique y clasifique 3 (tres) contextos.

5) (a) Elija un término y registre los pasos de la investigación terminológica puntual realizada (búsqueda de la definición, del contexto y del equivalente, y verificación del uso del término en la lengua meta).

(b) Adjunte al trabajo los contextos encontrados y un registro de las fuentes (bibliografía consultada).

(c)Elabore una ficha terminológica bilingüe del término investigado.

6) Traduzca los fragmentos indicados en recuadro del texto MINIMIZING BRUISING IN APPLES.

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY—TREE FRUIT RESEARCH AND EXTENSION CENTER
FEBRUARY 2006 ARTICLE, Minimizing Bruising on Apples page 1 of 3

MINIMIZING BRUISING IN APPLES
Eugene Kupferman

Bruising has been a problem since apples were first harvested. In my files I found a report by Dick Bartram, former Chelan County Extension agent, who traveled the country examining Washington apple quality in 1982 in which he recorded the large number of bruised apples on retail shelves. A group of postharvest scientists found that the problem was still dominant just two years ago. Bruising is still the most serious disorder on retail shelves (Figure 1). This season I have received a number of
calls from conscientious packers who are seeing bruising on apples before packing,
and even more after packing. There are two factors that influence bruising: impacts and compression. Impact bruising is the most common type, in which fruit are subjected to damage by dropping onto a hard surface. Impact damage is influenced by the surface onto which the fruit fall and the speed of the fruit at time of impact. The other type of damage is compression damage in which fruit are bruised as they are pushed into a bin or bag.
Preharvest factors—some cultivars are more susceptible to bruising than others—no variety is immune. Red Delicious has a reputation that it will resist bruising. This is only partially true as we found out when we peeled several thousand fruit after packing. Numerous small bruises were found in the flesh that could not be seen through the skin. Dr. Gary Hyde (WSU) determined that the bruise susceptibility of Red Delicious was actually greater than that of Golden Delicious. The belief that Golden Delicious is more susceptible stems from the fact that it discolors more easily. A standardized bruise study in the UK ranked Gala and Jonagold more susceptible to bruising than Golden. The portion of the apple with green skin bruised more easily than the portion with red color.
Harvest factors—harvest maturity alone does not influence bruising, but large fruit bruise more easily than smaller fruit. Harvesting activities play a major role in bruise development. Fruit harvested wet will show numerous finger bruises and higher bruising will occur when pickers are wearing gloves. Picking into padded buckets will reduce harvest bruising compared to picking into a soft sided bag or unpadded bucket.
The method of harvest, the dumping of fruit from picking bags and the swamping of the bins in the orchard play huge roles in the amount of bruising. In one study, rough filling of an unpadded bin resulted in 89% bruised fruit; adding a foam pad reduced this to 64%, compared to gentle filling which bruised 28 % of the apples. The pad did not reduce bruising when the bin was filled gently.
Scientists in Michigan demonstrated that bin pads reduced bruising by a ¼ to ½, and most bruising occurred when the bin was carried on the back of the tractor rather than the front. The most serious bruising occurred on fruit at the sides of the bin where the fruit is in contact with the wooden surface. Bruise (impact) damage was most severe in the bin furthest from the tractor. Moving fruit from the orchard to the packinghouse can be another source of bruising. Trucks equipped with air suspension had fewer bruised fruit than those equipped with spring suspension. These studies suggest that 35% of bruising occurs during harvesting and hauling.
Storage factors—a study on Delicious and Granny Smith determined that the longer they are stored, the more susceptible to bruising they become. Packers notice that the fruit from certain rooms are more susceptible to bruising than others. This can be traced back to the humidity within the room. Newer rooms are airtight and are run with a minimum number of defrost cycles to minimize moisture loss as a way to prevent shrivel. Fruit from these rooms develop tremendous internal turgor pressure and are very susceptible to bruising. Packers have developed various methods of ‘conditioning’ this fruit to allow for a controlled amount of moisture to be lost by the fruit to reduce the susceptibility to bruising.
Some methods of conditioning include increasing the number of defrost cycles, opening the doors and increasing the temperature, or placing the bins in a warm room before packing. It is easy to remove a small amount of moisture, but difficult to ensure that all fruit in a bin are affected equally. It is very difficult to re-hydrate shriveled fruit, even when they are immersed in water (i.e., presize) so caution is advised. There is no uniform method and most packers use a number of techniques.
Temperature and humidity at time of bruising—Dr. Hyde, working with Red and Golden Delicious, found the colder the apple the higher the bruise susceptibility. Manipulating fruit moisture is more powerful than temperature. He determined that by slightly dehydrating the fruit (2-3%) the bruise threshold will double. Firmness is not a good reflection of bruise susceptibility since over 5 weeks in storage fruit had lower firmness levels, but bruise susceptibility did not change. The effect of temperature and fruit turgor was less than the effect of the impact force hitting the fruit; thus it is more important to reduce bruise impact points than to change the fruit.
After injury the bruise will be larger if the fruit remains at a higher temperature; another reason to cool fruit rapidly after packing.
Packingline factors—Simple things like using pads to cushion drops, reduce elevation changes, and minimize turns in the line can help reduce bruising. An instrumented pseudo apple was developed in Michigan that can precisely measure the impact forces on apples. This ‘Impact Recording Device’ (Instrumented Sphere) is available from Techmark, Inc. (www.techmarkinc.com) and has been used by packers to survey their lines to minimize bruising.
The use of this device enabled Dr. Hyde to survey a number of Washington apple lines. He found that in general damage was less when the equipment was full of fruit. The brush section can cause small bruises and the brush speeds used for Reds provided more impact than the speeds for Goldens. Transfer points can provide impact damage and analysis of every drop is necessary. Drops of 30 cm or greater cause damage to about ¾ of the fruit.
Bagging—has been cited in several reports as the most dangerous packing operation far as bruising is concerned. This is no surprise to anyone who has looked a hand bagging operation. Automatic bagging machines should have a cushion on top of the plate supporting the bag; even a shag rug will help.
Decay development—bruising increases the susceptibility of fruit to blue mold decay, which is found in most packinghouses. Even a bruise not visible to the naked eye can assist the organism in gaining entry into the fruit.
In summary—bruise reduction is everyone’s business. Pickers must be carefully supervised. Bins must be transported carefully within the orchard and to the packinghouse. Fruit must be stored carefully to avoid shrivel or excessive turgor. Fruit should be conditioned prior to packing. The packingline must be carefully monitored; transfer points evaluated and drops padded. Equipment must be properly adjusted so that transfers are gentle, especially into the singulator. Fruit acceleration and deceleration must be carefully controlled to avoid impact damage. Modern packing equipment can be superior to that used previously, IF the equipment is adjusted properly
and speed is appropriate. There is a balance between through-put and minimization of bruises. What we can do to prevent the retail clerk from bruising fruit as they are building displays, or fruit buyers from handling fruit roughly is another story. I guess we must send them our best fruit and hope that the retailer does their part.

Reprints of a number of studies on bruising can be obtained by contacting me at:
Kupfer@wsu.edu. Much of the information cited here comes from studies done at Michigan State University and USDA-ARS, Michigan as well by Dr. Gary Hyde (retired) at WSU.

Ejemplo de ficha terminológica bilingüe





1- unidad terminológica (texto original)
2- fuente (de 1)
3- marcas gramaticales
4- observaciones (sinónimos, cuasisinónimos, falsos sinónimos; fraseología, etc.)
5- definición (de 1)
6- fuente (de 5)
7- contexto (de 1)
8- fuente (de 7)

9- equivalente (de 1)
10- fuente (de 9)
11- marcas gramaticales
12- observaciones
13- definición (de 9)
14- fuente (de 13)
15- contexto (de 9)
16- fuente (de 15)

17- campo (subacampos y tema)
18- Nivel de especialización
19- autor y fecha de elaboración




Investigación terminológica

INTRODUCCIÓN A LA TRADUCCIÓN I
ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE IDIOMAS/FACULTAD DE LENGUAS- UNComahue
Año:2009

Investigación terminológica bilingüe
Análisis contextual y control conceptual
Unidad terminológica: mouthfeel
1º paso: Búsqueda de la definición en diccionarios y glosarios monolingües.
(a) Mouthfeel is a product's physical and chemical interaction in the mouth, an aspect of food rheology. It is a concept used in many areas related to the testing and evaluating of foodstuffs, such as wine-tasting and rheology. It is evaluated from initial perception on the palate, to first bite, through mastication to swallowing and aftertaste. In wine-tasting, for example, mouthfeel is usually used with a modifier (big, sweet, tannic, chewy, etc.) to the general sensation of the wine in the mouth. Some people, however, still use the traditional term, "texture".
http://www.babylon.com/definition/mouthfeel/
(b) mouthfeel (food engineering)
An organoleptic property used to describe the overall texture of a food product.

www.merriam-webster.com
(c) mouth•feel • n. the physical sensations in the mouth produced by a particular food: this Cabernet has a dense, tightly woven mouthfeel, with complex, chewy, and velvety tannins.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-mouthfeel.html
2º Paso: Búsqueda del equivalente en la lengua meta
(a) Harmonious plum red wine with fuchsia hues. To the nose it displays fruity and floral aromas with marmalade and vanilla hints. It has a clean taste, good body and volume, and persistent mouth feel.
De color rojo ciruela con tonos fucsia. En nariz presenta aromas frutales y florales, con toques de mermelada y vainilla. En boca se percibe limpio, con buen cuerpo, volumen y persistencia. Es un vino armónico.
(b) Dark purple wine with pink hues. Its aromas remind of wild and sweet red fruits. It has a pleasant velvety mouth feel and soft round tannins
Vino de color púrpura intenso con matices rosados. En nariz se perciben aromas a frutas rojas silvestres y dulces. En boca presenta una suave sensación aterciopelada, taninos suaves y redondos.
http://www.areadelvino.com/Anuario2006/bodegas/vi%C3%B1afundacion-vinos.htm
3º paso: Búsqueda de la definición del equivalente en un diccionario monolingüe

3º paso: Búsqueda de la definición en contextos de la LM

( a) La cata se realiza en tres fases:
• Análisis visual: el color, la transparencia, brillo, intensidad, matices del pigmento y formación de burbujas.
• Análisis de los aromas: frutales, florales, herbáceos, tostados y especiados, valorando su limpieza, complejidad e intensidad.
• Análisis de las sensaciones en boca: acidez, impresiones dulces, astringencia dada por los taninos, materia y cuerpo, equilibrio, persistencia de los aromas, etc.
[…]
Análisis de las sensaciones en la boca
Después de analizar los aromas se procede a degustar el vino en boca, […] El primer contacto del vino se nota en los labios y en la punta de la lengua.
[…]
Luego se buscan solo las sensaciones ácidas y amargas, los ácidos se notan en los laterales de la lengua, y los amargos en la parte posterior. Esos sabores amargos se deben a los taninos, donde en el caso de los vinos tintos, los taninos ponen la lengua rasposa y los labios tirantes.
www.zonadiet.com/bebidas/cata-de-vinos.htm
4º Paso: Análisis contextual en la lengua de partida

(a) Professional wine tasters use a very strict wine tasting vocabulary in their description of wines. Recreational wine tasting events are much more informal and involve attention to a wine's:
• appearance
• finish (aftertaste)
• fragrance in the glass
• mouthfeel (sensation in the mouth).
Here are some tips for involving your senses to the fullest when tasting wine:
• Sight: […]
• Smell: […]
• Taste: To fully experience the taste of a wine, swirl a little bit of it in your mouth to cover all your taste buds. Take a moment to enjoy the flavor before either swallowing or spitting out the wine. In addition to the initial taste, you will find there is also an aftertaste to the wine, usually referred to as the finish.
• Touch: When the wine is in your mouth, it provides a tactile experience, often referred to as "mouthfeel," in addition to the taste.
http://www.tasting-wine.com/articles/wine-tasting/index.php
(b) […] the field of flavour, ‘mouthfeel’ and ‘flavour richness’ are the parameters we use to help us define flavours.
Mouthfeel
Humans are, from birth, highly sensitive with regard to mouthfeel. There is no flavour without mouthfeel. It can be defined as: the human perception of the texture of food or beverage in the mouth. Mouthfeel covers all tactile experiences, including texture, thermal effects and chemical influences of acids, salts, minerals, metals and irritants. Mouthfeel is closely related to food appreciation. Toasted bread that has lost its crispness will have lost much of its appeal as well. In the process of winemaking, wine growers will traditionally counterbalance a highly acidic wine by adding alcohol or residual sugar; otherwise it will develop into an unappealing wine. As a tool to aid us in describing particular flavours, mouthfeel can be subdivided into two categories: contracting mouthfeel and coating mouthfeel.
www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/a200810141/layout/pdf.html

5º paso: Análisis contextual en la lengua meta

(a) El Malbec Reserva de ZOLO presenta un intenso color violáceo, típico de los Malbec argentinos. En nariz se sienten frutos rojos con una marcada presencia floral, con toques de vainilla. La sensación en boca es suave con taninos maduros y aterciopelados.

http://www.tapiz.com.ar/wines/fichas_zolo_reserva_c.htm
(b) VOLUMEN: Sensación conferida en la boca por vinos sabrosos y con cuerpo. Un vino con volumen es lo contrario de un vino ligero o estrecho.
VIGOROSO: Vino con potencia de sensaciones en la boca, sabroso y con cuerpo, acidez, taninos y alcohol notables y bien conjuntados.

http://www.delbuencomer.com.ar/index_archivos/diccionariodelvinovz.htm

6º paso: Control conceptual: comparación de conceptos (rasgos significativos o descriptores) presentes en los contextos (de la LP y de la LM)


Unidad terminológica: retrogusto

1º paso: Búsqueda de la definición en diccionarios y glosarios monolingües.

(a) retrogusto .
Conjunto de sensaciones que deja un vino después de ingerirlo.
Sinónimos: dejo, postgusto
after taste
DEJO: Sensaciones que permanecen una vez ingerido el vino. Sinónimo: retrogusto.
Aftertaste
FINAL DE BOCA Sensaciones últimas que se aprecian al degustar un vino.
after taste
www.diccionariodelvino.com/index.php/retrogusto

(b) retrogusto (denominada también sensación terciaria) es la persistencia de una sensación de sabor de algunos alimentos tras haber pasado por la boca (en general por la lengua) y estar ya fuera de contacto de las papilas gustativas. Tanto las bebidas (líquidos) como las comidas (sólidos) tienen retrogusto. El retrogusto se emplea frecuentemente en el arte de la cata de diferentes alimentos: aceites, vino, cerveza, cafés, cognacs,, etc.

En el caso del vino es el conjunto de sensaciones de sabor que deja en la lengua un vino después de ingerirlo, es un paso ideal para saber la edad del mismo.
http://wapedia.mobi/es/Retrogusto

2º Paso: Búsqueda del equivalente en la lengua meta
3º paso: Búsqueda de la definición del equivalente en un diccionario monolingüe

(a) af•ter•taste
Function: noun
: persistence of a sensation (as of flavor or an emotion) after the stimulating agent or experience has gone
www.merriam-webster.com/medical/AFTERTASTE

(b) Aftertaste: The taste or flavors that linger in the mouth after the wine is tasted, spit or swallowed. May be "harsh," “hot,”"soft," "lingering," "short," "smooth," or nonexistent. See also 'Finish.'

http://www.greatspiritswine.com/wine_terms.htm

4º Paso: Análisis contextual en la lengua de partida
( a) El retrogusto es importante en la cata de vinos debido a que puede revelar un atributo extra o una carencia del mismo, a veces ciertos sabores pueden ser relevantes en el retrogusto, por ejemplo el sabor a chocolate al final. Un largo, y placentero retrogusto puede indicar que las esencias del vino se han estabilizado y esto revela un signo de calidad.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrogusto
5º paso: Análisis contextual en la lengua meta
(a) En boca tiene un ataque picante que se funde con notas dulces y especiadas del medio de boca. De cuerpo medio, y buena permanencia. Es un vino franco, de taninos dulces y buena acidez. Algo en el retro-gusto recuerda a dulces cocidos, chocolate amargo, pimienta negra y cardamomo nuevamente. Un vino fresco que integra excelentemente sus 13° de alcohol.

http://www.vinosdelplata.com/quimiles.htm

(b) Vino: Ribolla Gialla 2003 color naranja con brillos asalmonados, turbio y opaco, aromas de frutas maduras confitadas, en boca equilibrada acidez, retrogusto frutal con sensaciones de levadura de cerveza
Vino: Oslavje 2001(Chardonnay 40%, Pinot Gris 30%, Sauvignon 30%) color salmon brillante y claro, notas de regaliz, melaza y flores blancas. En boca es largo y persistente, con retrogusto acido y equilibrado.
www.guiacongusto.com/?page_id=4589 -

6º paso: Control conceptual: comparación de conceptos (rasgos significativos o descriptores) presentes en los contextos (de la LP y de la LM)


af•ter•taste
Function: noun
: persistence of a sensation (as of flavor or an emotion) after the stimulating agent or experience has gone . See also 'Finish.'
www.merriam-webster.com/medical/AFTERTASTE

Finish: The taste that remains in the mouth after swallowing. A long finish indicates a wine of good quality.

Mouthfeel: How a wine feels in the mouth and against the tongue.

http://www.greatspiritswine.com/wine_terms.htm

Estrategias de traducción

INTRODUCCIÓN A LA TRADUCCIÓN I
Escuela Superior de Idiomas/ Facultad de Lenguas- UNComahue
1 de octubre de 2009

Estrategias de traducción
Traducción de frases fijas

Traducción comunicativa (equivalencia) y paráfrasis comunicativa

(Basado en Baker, Mona (1992) In Other Words, Routledge, London/ New York; capítulo 3)


0. INTRODUCCIÓN

Al momento de comunicar un mensaje, muy pocas veces lo hacemos por medio de palabras aisladas. Generalmente nos comunicamos por medio de un conjunto de palabras que no se combinan al azar:
• Si consideramos la combinación de categorías de palabras (verbos, sustantivos, artículos, etc.), la combinación se rige por reglas sintácticas:

*girl beautiful the

• Sin embargo, en casos particulares de palabras, la combinación se hace en forma arbitraria:

(1) Construir un edificio// ?? producir un edificio
Tener una idea// ?? fabricar una idea
Inventar una historia// ?? inventar una novela

(2) Merry Christmas// ?? Merry New Year
In accordance with (conforme a )// *in accordance to // according to (de acuerdo a/ según)

(3) De tal palo tal astilla// …a chip of the old block
It is no use crying over spilt milk// No tiene sentido llorar sobre leche derramada

(4) To feel blue
As gentle as a lamb


Los ejemplos (1)- (4) se conocen como frases fijas o lexicalizadas. Éstas se describen como combinaciones fijas (lexicalizadas) de palabras y pueden clasificarse en: colocaciones (1), las expresiones fijas (2), los proverbios y refranes (3), y las frases idiomáticas (4).


1. COLOCACIONES:

Una colocación puede describirse como la tendencia de una determinada palabra a aparecer siempre en combinación con otra o con otras palabras (1)


1.1. Características:


• La combinación de las palabras que conforman una colocación es arbitraria (ver 1)
• Aunque se trate de sinónimos, éstos suelen aparecer en colocaciones diferentes (4)
• Estas combinaciones se manifiestan de manera diferente en las distintas lenguas (5).
• La cantidad de elementos léxicos que pueden combinarse con una palabra varía (6). En general, cuanto más general (liviana semánticamente ) es una palabra, más numeroso es el grupo de elementos léxicos con el que coloca (7)
• El significado de las palabras varía según su colocación (8) y (9).
• Algunas colocaciones son propias del lenguaje especializado (áreas temáticas/ campos disciplinarios) y no del lenguaje general. Estas colocaciones, propias de una disciplina particular, se definen como fraseología (10).


(4) To break rules/ ?? to break regulations
To waste time// ?? to squander time

(5) to deliver a letter
to deliver a speech
to deliver a baby
to deliver a blow
to deliver a verdict

(6) to bury people/ a treasure/ your head/ memories/ feelings
to inter people
to entomb people

(7) to pass an examination
to pass a law
to pass an opinion (on something)
to pass the time

(8) Indian filefila india
Indian summerveranito de San Juan
Indian OceanOcéano Índico

(9) The open seasontemporada de caza y pesca
On open verdict(un) veredicto inconcluso del jurado
An open voweluna vocal abierta

(10) Data is processed/ handled/ extracted/ manipulated/ retrieved
Data is *shifted/ *treated/ *arranged/ tackled


1.2. Problemas de traducción

• Interferencia de la lengua de partida (11)
• La inexistencia de un equivalente uno a uno, es decir, frase fija por frase fija (12)

(11) To attend a meeting?? Atender una reunionasistir a una reunión
To sign one´s name??firmar el nombrefirmar
To keep one´s promise??guardar la promesamantener la promesa

(12) These young pandas in Beijing Zoo are great crowd pullersThese young pandas in the Beijing Zoo attract a lot of spectatorsEstos jóvenes pandas del zoológico de Beijing atraen muchos visitantes.

2. FRASES IDIOMÁTICAS (13), PROVERBIOS y REFRANES (14) Y EXPRESIONES FIJAS (15):

2.1. Características

• En general, estas combinaciones lexicalizadas son menos transparentes que las colocaciones.
• Son más estáticas (fijas):

- No admiten variación en su forma.
- No se puede cambiar el orden de sus constituyentes.
- No se puede agregar ni omitir palabras.
- No se puede reemplazar una palabra por otra.

(13) As gentle as a lamb
To feel blue
To pull someone´s leg

(14) De tal palo tal astilla
It is no use crying over spilt milk

(15) All the best
Yours sincerely
As a matter of fact
Merry Christmas


2.2. Problemas de traduccción

• Poder/ saber identificarlas (cuanto más difícil sea entender una secuencia de palabras y cuanto menos sentido tenga la traducción literal de esta combinación, más probabilidades existen de que se trate de una frase lexicalizada).
• Interpretarlas correctamente (algunas admiten ambas interpretaciones: idiomática y literal) (16).
• Poder traducirlas transmitiendo todas sus características (que el equivalente en la lengua meta sea también una frase fija, que tenga el mismo significado, la misma connotación, el mismo registro, etc.)

(16) To take someone for a ride

3. ESTRATEGIAS PARA LA TRADUCCIÓN DE LAS FRASES LEXICALIZADAS:

La estrategia más adecuada para la traducción de las frases lexicalizadas es la EQUIVALENCIA:


EQUIVALENCIA: consiste en reemplazar la frase lexicalizada -colocación, frase idiomática, proverbio o expresión fija- de la lengua de origen por una colocación, frase idiomática, proverbio o expresión fija de la lengua meta:



Merry ChristmasFeliz Navidad
To swim like a fishnadar como un pez
To sleep like a dogdormir como un tronco/ dormir como un oso
to shrug one´s shouldersencogerse de hombros

In the event of en caso de
Nice to meet youmucho gusto
Welcomede nada

En aquellos casos en los que no sea posible o sea inadecuado el procedimiento de equivalencia, se podrá optar por cualquier otra estrategia. Por ejemplo:

• PARÁFRASIS COMUNICATIVA: parafrasear la combinación lexicalizada mediante un equivalente más neutro:

She has a sweet tooth Es golosa
He feels blueEstá triste

• REDUCCIÓN: compensar mediante fusión

I hope you don´t take offence if I ask you not to smoke Espero que no te ofendas si te pido que no fumes

• Etc.


EJERCITACIÓN:

1- Traducir las siguientes frases fijas e indicar las estrategias de traducción utilizadas.
Proponer más de una versión para cada oración.

(a) He learnt the poem by heart.
(b) After the accident, his friends all gave him the cold shoulder.
(c) He ´s always reading. He´ll read anything. He´s a real bookworm.
(d) He was never seen again. He just seemed to disappear into thin air.
(e) If you want to be a successful gardener, of course you´ve got to have green fingers.
(f) The exam was very easy. It was a piece of cake.
(g) She was very embarrassed. She went as red a s a beetroot.
(h) That singer´s new record is in great demand. It´s selling like hot cakes.

Extranjerismos, préstamos y calcos

INTRODUCCIÓN A LA TRADUCCIÓN I
ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE IDIOMAS-FACULTAD DE LENGUAS
Universidad Nacional del Comahue
Octubre de 2009

Extranjerismos, préstamos y calcos

1. Extranjerismo: palabra que se toma de la lengua extranjera sin modificación fonética u ortográficatransferencia. Por ejemplo: software, snowboard, pub, happy hour, feedback, brushing, mail, bypass, etc.

1.1. Situaciones en las que es posible encontrar extranjerismos:
(a) Lenguaje técnico y científico cuando hay una laguna lingüística en la lengua receptoramayor precisión conceptual/ terminológica.
(b) Lenguas híbridas, por ejemplo: el espanglish

1.2. Tolerancia en las traducciones:

BUENA: en los textos técnicos y científicos, cuando hay una laguna lingüística en la lengua receptora (y, por lo tanto, no existe un equivalente para tal extranjerismo).
BUENA: cuando el extranjerismo (puro o naturalizado) ha sido adoptado por la comunidad científica.
BUENA: en los textos que no pertenecen a los campos técnico o científico, cuando se quiere dar color localexotismos o préstamos culturales.
MALA: en los textos técnicos y científicos, de bajo nivel de especialización (es decir, dirigidos a lectores que no son especialistas en el tema que trata el texto). En estos casos (cuando no hubiera un equivalente para el término extranjero), una estrategia posible es la expansión (aclaración o explicitación del significado) del término mediante un equivalente descriptivo o de un equivalente funcional.
MALA: en los textos que no pertenecen a los campos técnico o científico, cuando el objetivo es lograr una traducción orientada a la lengua meta.

1.3. Tipografía:

 Entre comillas o en cursivaen el caso de los términos extranjeros nuevos.
 Sin marcas tipográficas si ya soy conocidos o si ya han sido incorporados a la lengua receptora.

2. Préstamo: extranjerismo naturalizado, es decir, adaptado morfológica y fonológicamente a la lengua de llegada. Por ejemplo: resetear, formatear, yogur, carné, champú, córner, estándar, escáner, etc.

2.1. Tolerancia en las traducciones:

Es un error continuar utilizando un extranjerismo cuando ya existe su naturalización (préstamo/ extranjerismo naturalizado).

3. Calco: traducción literal de una palabra (calco léxico) o de una estructura (calco de expresión: cuando se respetan las estructuras de la lengua de llegada, por ejemplo: weekend/ fin de semana; calco estructural: cuando la construcción es novedosa en la lengua de llegada, por ejemplo: science fiction/ ciencia ficción).


3.1. Tolerancia en las traducciones:

BUENA: cuando existe una laguna lingüística en la lengua receptora.
MALA: es un error de traducción en los siguientes casos:

o Calco léxico o paronímico: falsos cognados. Por ejemplo: actually/*actualmente/ en realidad; library/ *librería/ biblioteca.

o Calcos tipográficos. Por ejemplo: el uso de mayúsculas en los gentilicios en castellano.

o Calcos sintácticos: cuando se traduce literalmente la estructura de la lengua de partida y se obtiene como resultado una estructura que no es natural en la lengua de llegada.

La traducción de nombres y términos culturales

INTRODUCCIÓN A LA TRADUCCIÓN I
Escuela Superior de Idiomas/ Facultad de Lenguas
Universidad Nacional del Comahue
22 de septiembre de 2009

La traducción de nombres y términos culturales
Problemas- Estrategias


Ejercitación

1) (a) Ingrese a http://www.welcomeargentina.com/tango/historia.html y escuche el tango “El choclo” , luego
(b) Ingrese a http://www.lastfm.es/music/Georgia+Gibbs/_/Kiss+of+Fire , o a http://www.tangoaustralia.com.au/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=281&Itemid=149 y escuche la canción “Kiss of Fire”
(c) Compare la letra de “El choclo”, “The Ear of Corn” y “Kiss of Fire”, ¿cuál es su conclusión?:
• Analice la traducción de los términos culturales en ambas versiones. ¿Qué estrategias de traducción emplearon los traductores de cada una de las versiones en inglés?
• Comente sobre ambas versiones teniendo en cuenta las nociones de “pérdida” en la traducción, “compromise” y “efecto equivalente”

1947
Letra: Enrique Santos Discépolo.
Música: Ángel Villoldo.

Con este tango que es burlón y compadrito
se ató dos alas la ambición de mi suburbio;
con este tango nació el tango, y como un grito
salió del sórdido barrial buscando el cielo;
conjuro extraño de un amor hecho cadencia
que abrió caminos sin más ley que la esperanza,
mezcla de rabia, de dolor, de fe, de ausencia
llorando en la inocencia de un ritmo juguetón.

Por tu milagro de notas agoreras
nacieron, sin pensarlo, las paicas y las grelas,
luna de charcos, canyengue en las caderas
y un ansia fiera en la manera de querer...

Al evocarte, tango querido,
siento que tiemblan las baldosas de un bailongo
y oigo el rezongo de mi pasado...
Hoy, que no tengo más a mi madre,
siento que llega en punta 'e pie para besarme
cuando tu canto nace al son de un bandoneón.

Carancanfunfa se hizo al mar con tu bandera
y en un pernó mezcló a París con Puente Alsina.
Triste compadre del gavión y de la mina
y hasta comadre del bacán y la pebeta.
Por vos shusheta, cana, reo y mishiadura
se hicieron voces al nacer con tu destino...
¡Misa de faldas, querosén, tajo y cuchillo,
que ardió en los conventillos y ardió en mi corazón.


1947
Lyrics: Enrique Santos Discépolo.
Music: Ángel Villoldo.

With this tango, mocking and show off,
tied two wings the ambition of my slum;
with this tango tango was born and like a shout
left the sordid bog looking for heaven;
strange spell of a love turned cadence
that opened paths with no more light than hope,
mixture of rage, pain, faith, absence
crying in the inocence of playful rhythm.

From the miracle of your ominous notes,
were born without a thought, the paicas and the grelas,
moon on the puddles, canyengue on the hips
and a fiery desire in the way to love...
Evoking you...
tango beloved.....
I feel the shaking of the tiles of a bailongo
and I hear the grumbling of my past...
Now that I don't have...
my mother anymore...
I feel her coming in tiptoes to kiss me
when your chant is born to the sound of a bandoneon.

Carancanfunfa crossed the sea with your flag
and in a Pernod mixed Paris and Puente Alsina.
You were buddy of the gavion and the mina
and even crony of the bacan and the pebeta.
Because of you, shusheta, cana, reo and mishiadura
became voices to be born with your destiny,
mass of skirts, kerosen, slash and knife,
that burned in the tenements and it burned in my heart!

Evoking you...
tango beloved.....
I feel the shaking of the tiles of a bailongo
and I hear the grumbling of my past...

KISS OF FIRE

I touch your lips and all at once the sparks go flying,
Those devil lips that know so well the art of lying,
And though I see the danger, still the flames go higher.
I know I must surrender to your kiss of fire.

Just like a torch, you set the soul within me burning.
I must go on. I’m on this road of no returning,
And though it burns me and it turns me into ashes,
My whole crashes without your kiss of fire.

I can’t resist you. What good is there in trying?
What good is there denying you’re all that I desire.
Since first I kissed you, my heart was yours completely.
If I’m a slave, then it’s a slave I want to be.
Don’t pity me! Don’t pity me!

Give me your lips, the lips you only let me borrow.
Love me tonight, and let the devil take tomorrow.
I know that I must have your kiss although it dooms me,
Though it consumes me, your kiss of fire.

I can’t resist you. What good is there in trying?
What good is there denying you’re all that I desire.
Since first I kissed you, my heart was yours completely.
If I’m a slave, then it’s a slave I want to be.
Don’t pity me! Don’t pity me!

Give me your lips, the lips you only let me borrow.
Love me tonight, and let the devil take tomorrow.
I know that I must have your kiss although it dooms me,
Though it consumes me, your kiss of fire.

2) Compare el tratamiento de los términos culturales en cada uno de los textos. Concéntrese en las palabras y expresiones subrayadas. Si consideramos que se trata de traducciones al inglés, ¿cuáles fueron las estrategias de traducción empleadas?

(a)Gastronomy with names

http://www.buenosaires.gov.ar/blog/travellingbuenosaires/category/gastronomy/
Undoubtedly, Asado is the gastronomy icon in Argentina, even though it is more common to see porteño people eating breaded escalope with French fries.
Food is an interesting gate to the local culture. For instance, it is possible to walk along Buenos Aires drinking French champagne as Gardel did… with ravioles or paella. Or the puchero (a dish made of boiled vegetables and meat) at Café de los Angelitos (Rivadavia Ave. 2100) has been served in his honour.
(b) http://www.ladatco.com/BUE_food.htm

Argentina is well known for it's beef - bife de lomo (filet mignon) and bife de chorizo (t-bone steak without the bone) are probably the most popular cuts of meat. A typical dinner might start with chorizo (spicy sausage), morcilla (blood sausage) or an empanada (a thin dough pastry filled with a tasty meat concoction).
Then comes the meat which is the highlight of the meal and the focus of the meal - either a single cut of meat, like the bife de lomo, or a parillada, a mix of grilled meat. There may be salads, potatoes or vegetables, but they are strictly secondary to the meat.
A typical dessert might be dulce de leche (milk, sugar and vanilla boiled down to a thick sauce) by itself or within or on another sweet such as churros (fingers of deep-fried dough filled with dulce de leche) and Alfajores (cookies filled with dulce de leche and coated in chocolate).
Chimichurri accompanies most beef dishes. This sauce, made by combining fresh minced garlic, oil and fresh minced parsley, is considered spicy for the Argentines, but a meal of beef isn't the same without it.
Parillas, or grill restaurants, are everywhere and all take a fierce pride in the quality of their meat.
(c) http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/tourism/C791-argentine-gastronomy.php?idioma_sel=en

Argentine dishes that cannot be missed:
Bife de Chorizo (“Steak”) with French fries
This thick, juicy and tender meat known as bife de chorizo (“Sirloin strip steak”) and served with French fries is a gastronomic dish that cannot be missed. It is well-known because of its large size, and the purity of its meat, having no fat remains.
Puchero (“Chick Pea and Meat Broth”)
It is associated with Argentine cuisine, though it is originally regarded as a Spanish dish. Puchero is largely based upon a Spanish stew known as Cocido Iberico from which it has even borrowed its name.
Empanadas (“Turnover pies”)
They can be eaten all around the country, though the most delicious ones may certainly be tasted in the provinces of Tucumán, Salta and Jujuy in the country´s Northeast region. The empanada stuffed with meat (hard boiled egg, olives, green onions, and ocassionally with raisins and potatoes) stands as the most traditional type of empanada within its category.
Dulce de leche (“Milk Jam”) / Alfajores (“Shorbread cookies sandwiched together with Dulce de Leche”)
As a matter of fact, all tourists visiting Argentina should taste dulce de leche alone, or as a filling for alfajores, cakes, pastries and ice-cream. When first tasting it, many people may find it too sweet, though there is no palate that can actually resist to such a temptation. And the alfajor consisting of short-bread cookies sandwiched together with dulce de leche.
3) Proponga una traducción para las expresiones subrayadas. Fundamente la elección de la estrategia de traducción utilizada

Who is Googling You Right Now?
Web users are using Google.com and other powerful Web search tools to track down or keep tabs on long-lost acquaintances - be they former lovers, classmates, friends or enemies.
These searches, which once might have required hiring a private detective, have become increasingly easy as the amount of data available on the Web grows. With more and more personal information flooding the Web daily, only the John Smiths of the world remain relatively immune. Searchers are often foiled by common names. If their long-lost friend is named John Smith, for example, they'd have to wade through 402,000 Google results to find him. But if you search for, say, Bill Gates, Google returns his own personal Web site as the first result.
[Adapted from CNN. com]